塑(su)(su)料(liao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)選(xuan)擇主要(yao)決塑(su)(su)料(liao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)選(xuan)擇主要(yao)決定于塑(su)(su)料(liao)的(de)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(熱(re)(re)塑(su)(su)性還是(shi)熱(re)(re)固性)、起始形(xing)態(tai)(tai)以及(ji)制品(pin)(pin)的(de)外(wai)形(xing)和尺(chi)寸。加(jia)工熱(re)(re)塑(su)(su)性塑(su)(su)料(liao)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)有(you)擠出、注(zhu)射(she)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、壓(ya)延、吹塑(su)(su)和熱(re)(re)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)，加(jia)工熱(re)(re)固性塑(su)(su)料(liao)一(yi)般采用(yong)(yong)(yong)模壓(ya)、傳遞模塑(su)(su)，也用(yong)(yong)(yong)注(zhu)射(she)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。塑(su)(su)料(liao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)將(jiang)各(ge)種(zhong)形(xing)態(tai)(tai)(粉料(liao)、粒(li)料(liao)、溶液和分散(san)體）的(de)塑(su)(su)料(liao)制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所需形(xing)狀的(de)制品(pin)(pin)或坯件(jian)的(de)過程。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)多(duo)達三十(shi)幾種(zhong)。層壓(ya)、模壓(ya)和熱(re)(re)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)使(shi)塑(su)(su)料(liao)在(zai)平面上成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。上述塑(su)(su)料(liao)加(jia)工的(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，均(jun)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于橡(xiang)膠加(jia)工。此外(wai)，還有(you)以液態(tai)(tai)單體或聚合(he)(he)(he)物為(wei)原(yuan)料(liao)的(de)澆鑄等(deng)(deng)。在(zai)這些方(fang)法(fa)(fa)中(zhong)，以擠出和注(zhu)射(she)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)得(de).多(duo)，也是(shi).基本的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。  塑(su)(su)料(liao)制品(pin)(pin)是(shi)以合(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹脂和各(ge)種(zhong)添加(jia)劑的(de)混合(he)(he)(he)料(liao)為(wei)原(yuan)料(liao)，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)注(zhu)射(she)、擠壓(ya)、壓(ya)制、澆注(zhu)等(deng)(deng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。塑(su)(su)料(liao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)在(zai)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)同時(shi)，還獲得(de)了.終性能，所以塑(su)(su)料(liao)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)關鍵工藝(yi)。

注射成形也稱注塑成形，是利用注射機將熔化的塑料快速注入模具中，并固化得到各種塑料制品的方法。幾乎所有的熱塑性塑料（氟塑料除外）均可采用此法，也可用于某些熱固性塑料的成形。注射成形占塑料件生產的 30%左右，它具有能一次成形形狀復雜件、尺寸..、生產率高等優點；但設備和模具費用較高，主要用于大批量塑料件的生產。

注(zhu)射成(cheng)(cheng)形機常用的有柱塞式和螺桿式兩(liang)種，注(zhu)射成(cheng)(cheng)形原(yuan)理：將(jiang)粉粒(li)狀原(yuan)料(liao)從料(liao)斗加入(ru)料(liao)筒，柱塞推進時(shi)，原(yuan)料(liao)被(bei)推入(ru)加熱(re)區，繼而經(jing)過分流梭，通(tong)過噴嘴將(jiang)熔(rong)融塑(su)料(liao)注(zhu)入(ru)模腔(qiang)中，冷卻后(hou)開(kai)模即得塑(su)料(liao)制品(pin)。注(zhu)塑(su)料(liao)制件從模腔(qiang)中取(qu)出(chu)后(hou)通(tong)常需進行(xing)適(shi)當的后(hou)處理，以(yi)消(xiao)除(chu)塑(su)料(liao)制件在成(cheng)(cheng)形時(shi)產(chan)生(sheng)的應(ying)力(li)、穩定尺寸和性能。此外(wai)，還有切除(chu)毛邊和澆口、拋(pao)光、表面(mian)涂飾等。

擠(ji)出(chu)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)利用(yong)(yong)螺桿旋(xuan)轉加(jia)壓(ya)方式，連(lian)續地將塑(su)(su)化(hua)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)塑(su)(su)料(liao)擠(ji)進模(mo)具，通(tong)過一(yi)定(ding)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀的(de)(de)(de)口模(mo)時，得(de)(de)到(dao)與口模(mo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀相(xiang)適應的(de)(de)(de)塑(su)(su)料(liao)型(xing)材的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)方法。擠(ji)出(chu)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)占(zhan)塑(su)(su)料(liao)制(zhi)品的(de)(de)(de) 30%左右，主要用(yong)(yong)于截(jie)面(mian)(mian)一(yi)定(ding)、長度大的(de)(de)(de)各種塑(su)(su)料(liao)型(xing)材，如塑(su)(su)料(liao)管、板、棒、片、帶、材和截(jie)面(mian)(mian)復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)異(yi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材。它的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)是(shi)能連(lian)續成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、生產率高、模(mo)具結構(gou)簡單、成(cheng)本低、組(zu)織緊密(mi)等。除氟塑(su)(su)料(liao)外，幾乎所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)塑(su)(su)性(xing)塑(su)(su)料(liao)都能擠(ji)出(chu)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，部(bu)分熱(re)固性(xing)塑(su)(su)料(liao)也可(ke)擠(ji)出(chu)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。  右圖為螺旋(xuan)擠(ji)出(chu)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)示(shi)意圖，粒狀塑(su)(su)料(liao)從(cong)料(liao)斗送(song)入螺旋(xuan)推進室，然后由旋(xuan)轉的(de)(de)(de)螺桿送(song)到(dao)加(jia)熱(re)區熔融，并(bing)受到(dao)壓(ya)縮；在螺旋(xuan)力的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)下，迫使其通(tong)過具有(you)一(yi)定(ding)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀的(de)(de)(de)擠(ji)出(chu)模(mo)具，得(de)(de)到(dao)與口模(mo)截(jie)面(mian)(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀相(xiang)一(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)型(xing)材；落(luo)到(dao)輸送(song)機皮帶后用(yong)(yong)噴射空氣或水(shui)使它冷卻(que)變硬得(de)(de)到(dao)固化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)塑(su)(su)料(liao)制(zhi)件。

壓(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)型 壓(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)又稱(cheng)壓(ya)縮成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、壓(ya)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、模壓(ya)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)，是將固(gu)態(tai)的(de)(de)粒料(liao)(liao)或預制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)片料(liao)(liao)加(jia)入模具中，通過(guo)加(jia)熱(re)和(he)加(jia)壓(ya)方法(fa)，使其(qi)軟化(hua)熔融，并在壓(ya)力(li)的(de)(de)作用(yong)下(xia)充滿模腔，固(gu)化(hua)后得到塑(su)(su)(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)制(zhi)(zhi)件的(de)(de)方法(fa)。壓(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)主要用(yong)于熱(re)固(gu)性塑(su)(su)(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)，如酚醛、環氧、有機(ji)硅等(deng)；也能用(yong)于壓(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)熱(re)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)性塑(su)(su)(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)聚四(si)氟乙烯(xi)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)和(he)聚氯乙烯(xi)（ PVC）唱片。與注射成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)相(xiang)比，壓(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)設備、模具簡單，能生(sheng)產大型制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)；但生(sheng)產周期長、效率低，較難實現自(zi)動化(hua)，難以生(sheng)產厚壁制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)及(ji)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)復雜的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)。

吹(chui)(chui)塑(su)成形(xing)（屬于塑(su)料的二次加工(gong)）是借助壓(ya)縮(suo)(suo)空(kong)氣(qi)使(shi)空(kong)心塑(su)料型(xing)(xing)坯(pi)(pi)吹(chui)(chui)脹變(bian)形(xing)，并經(jing)冷卻(que)定(ding)型(xing)(xing)后獲(huo)得塑(su)料制件的加工(gong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。其(qi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)主要有中(zhong)空(kong)吹(chui)(chui)塑(su)成形(xing)和(he)薄(bo)膜吹(chui)(chui)塑(su)成形(xing)。  右圖為中(zhong)空(kong)制件的擠(ji)吹(chui)(chui)成形(xing)示意圖，將(jiang)具有一定(ding)溫(wen)度(du)的擠(ji)出(chu)或注射的管狀型(xing)(xing)坯(pi)(pi)置于對開(kai)吹(chui)(chui)塑(su)模中(zhong)，合上(shang)模具，通過吹(chui)(chui)管吹(chui)(chui)入(ru)壓(ya)縮(suo)(suo)空(kong)氣(qi)，將(jiang)型(xing)(xing)坯(pi)(pi)吹(chui)(chui)脹后使(shi)之(zhi)緊貼模壁，經(jing)保壓(ya)、冷卻(que)定(ding)型(xing)(xing)后開(kai)模取出(chu)中(zhong)空(kong)制件。

塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)的(de)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)成形類(lei)似于金屬(shu)的(de)鑄(zhu)造成形。即將處于流動狀(zhuang)態的(de)高(gao)分子材(cai)料(liao)(liao)或單體材(cai)料(liao)(liao)注入特(te)定的(de)模(mo)具中，在一(yi)定條件(jian)下使之反(fan)應、固(gu)(gu)化，并(bing)成形得(de)到與(yu)模(mo)具形腔相(xiang)一(yi)致的(de)塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)制件(jian)的(de)加(jia)(jia)工方法。這(zhe)種成形方法設備簡單，不需或稍許加(jia)(jia)壓，對模(mo)具強度要求低，生(sheng)產(chan)投資少，可適用于各(ge)種尺寸的(de)熱(re)塑(su)(su)性和熱(re)固(gu)(gu)性塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)制件(jian)。但塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)制件(jian)精度低，生(sheng)產(chan)率低，成形周期長。

氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)輔助注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)(su)成形(xing)(xing)（簡稱(cheng)氣(qi)輔成形(xing)(xing)）是塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)加工(gong)(gong)領域的(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)新方法(fa)。氣(qi)輔成形(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)藝大(da)致可分為(wei) 3種(zhong)(zhong)方式(shi)：A）中空(kong)(kong)成形(xing)(xing)，即將(jiang)塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)熔體(ti)(ti)射(she)(she)(she)入(ru)(ru)模具(ju)型腔(qiang)(qiang)，充(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)到型腔(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)(ti)積的(de)60%-70%時，停止注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)(she)，開(kai)始(shi)注(zhu)(zhu)入(ru)(ru)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)，直至保(bao)壓冷卻定型。這種(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)(gong)藝主(zhu)要適用于(yu)類似把(ba)手、手柄之類的(de)厚(hou)壁(bi)塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)制(zhi)品(pin)。B）短(duan)射(she)(she)(she)，即將(jiang)塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)熔體(ti)(ti)充(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)到型腔(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)(ti)積的(de)90%-98%時，開(kai)始(shi)進氣(qi)。該方法(fa)主(zhu)要用于(yu)較大(da)平面(mian)的(de)厚(hou)壁(bi)或(huo)偏(pian)壁(bi)制(zhi)品(pin)。C)滿射(she)(she)(she)，即將(jiang)塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)熔體(ti)(ti)充(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)至完全充(chong)(chong)滿型腔(qiang)(qiang)時才(cai)注(zhu)(zhu)入(ru)(ru)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)，由氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)填(tian)(tian)(tian)充(chong)(chong)因熔體(ti)(ti)體(ti)(ti)積收縮而(er)產生的(de)空(kong)(kong)間，并將(jiang)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)保(bao)壓和熔體(ti)(ti)保(bao)壓配(pei)合(he)使用，使制(zhi)品(pin)翹曲變(bian)形(xing)(xing)大(da)大(da)降(jiang)低，用于(yu)較大(da)平面(mian)的(de)薄(bo)壁(bi)制(zhi)品(pin)成型，其工(gong)(gong)藝控制(zhi)較復雜(za)。前(qian)兩種(zhong)(zhong)方法(fa)也稱(cheng)為(wei)缺料(liao)(liao)氣(qi)輔注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)(she)法(fa)，后者稱(cheng)為(wei)滿料(liao)(liao)氣(qi)輔注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)(she)法(fa)。

氣(qi)(qi)輔工藝包括如下(xia)四個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)段：..階(jie)(jie)段，塑(su)料(liao)注射(she)。熔體(ti)進入型(xing)腔，遇(yu)到溫度較低的模壁，形成一個(ge)(ge)較薄的凝(ning)固層；第(di)二階(jie)(jie)段：氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)入射(she)。惰性氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)進入熔融的塑(su)料(liao)，推動(dong)(dong)中心(xin)未凝(ning)固的塑(su)料(liao)進入尚未充(chong)滿的型(xing)腔；第(di)三階(jie)(jie)段：氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)入射(she)。氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)繼(ji)續推動(dong)(dong)塑(su)料(liao)熔體(ti)流動(dong)(dong)直到熔體(ti)充(chong)滿整個(ge)(ge)型(xing)腔；第(di)四階(jie)(jie)段：氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)保壓。 在保壓狀態下(xia)，氣(qi)(qi)道中的氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)壓縮熔體(ti)，進行補料(liao)確(que)保制件的外觀質量。

氣輔(fu)成形具(ju)有如(ru)下優(you)點：消(xiao)除產(chan)品表(biao)面(mian)縮(suo)痕，改善(shan)產(chan)品表(biao)面(mian)質量；減少(shao)(shao)翹曲變形，減少(shao)(shao)流(liu)動條痕；降低產(chan)品內(nei)應力，提高產(chan)品強(qiang)度；節省塑料原(yuan)料，減輕制品重量（一般(ban)可減輕 20%-40%）；改善(shan)材料在制品斷面(mian)上的分布(bu)，改善(shan)制品的剛性；縮(suo)短成型時間(jian)，提高生(sheng)產(chan)效率(lv)；延長(chang)模具(ju)使用壽命。

一般壓制成形過(guo)程(cheng)可以分為加料(liao)、合(he)模(mo)、排氣、固化和脫模(mo)幾個階段。塑料(liao)制件(jian)脫模(mo)后應進行后處(chu)理(li)，處(chu)理(li)方法(fa)與注射成形塑料(liao)制件(jian)方法(fa)相同。